Higher vocational and professional tertiary education includes programmes with very different design features and functions, ranging from two-year programmes in tertiary institutions through professional bachelor degrees to free-standing professional examinations designed to upskill existing practitioners. In some European countries the scale of enrolment in the higher vocational and professional tertiary education sector now rivals that in regular universities. But not all countries have established a separate sector; in some countries applied, practically oriented programmes are taught within multi-purpose institutions alongside programmes like history or physics.

This report compares this sector across OECD countries, drawing on quantitative and qualitative data. It describes types of programmes across countries and assesses data quality. The report zooms in on pathways leading into vocational and professional programmes and transitions into further learning or the labour market, as well as the profile of learners served by these programmes and links to the labour market.

Comparative data in this area have major gaps because of the lack of internationally agreed definitions for programme orientation at tertiary levels. This report proposes a three-way classification to resolve this problem and sets out practical tools to implement this and thereby improve data availability and quality.

Across the OECD, approximately half of young people follow vocational education and training (VET) programmes, designed to enable easy access to the world of work. Yet enrolment rates and emphasis on work-based learning, vary widely from country to country. This series of country reports examines the development and growth of VET programmes for young people and adults. Studies focus on how programmes can be most effectively, efficiently and equitably delivered, addressing such questions as: how is VET aligned with future needs of the labour market? How can VET be made attractive to all aspirational learners?